Dr. Muhammad Umer Chapra

Islamic Research and Training Institute (IRTI)  

معرفی

محمد عمر چپرا اقتصاددان پاکستانی-عربستانی در سال ۱۹۳۳ در هند تحت اشغال انگلستان متولد شد. وی از سال ۱۹۹۹ تاکنون به عنوان مشاور در مؤسسه پژوهش و آموزش اسلامیِ (IRTI)[1] بانک توسعه اسلامی (IDB)[2] در جده عربستان صعودی مشغول به کار می‌باشد. پیش از این سمت، وی در آژانس پولی عربستان صعودی (SAMA)[3] در ریاض برای مدت بیش از ۳۵ سال به کار مشغول بود.

دکتر عمر چپرا، تحصیلات کارشناسی خود را در دانشگاه سند در سال ۱۹۵۰ به اتمام رساند و در سال ۱۹۵۶ از دانشگاه کراچی مدرک کارشناسی ارشد خود را در رشته تجارت دریافت نمود. سپس به ایالات متحده سفر کرد و در آنجا درجه دکتری خود را در حوزه اقتصاد و علوم اجتماعی از دانشگاه مینسوتا در سال ۱۹۶۱ به پایان رساند و به عنوان یک پژوهشگر به مدت ۶ سال در آن دانشگاه مشغول به کار بود.

وی در سال ۱۹۶۵، که پاکستان به شدت نیازمند مهاجرین پاکستانی بامهارت بود، به عربستان صعودی رفت و در آنجا پیشنهاد سمت مشاور اقتصادی در آژانس پول عربستان صعودی را پذیرفت. وی در مجموعه وزارت مالیه عربستان در دوران شیخ فیصل به کار پرداخت و نقش سازنده‌ای در ایجاد نظام بانکداری اسلامی عربستان بازی کرد و سیاست‌های اقتصادی و پولی این کشور را برای چند دهه تدوین نمود. در سال ۱۹۹۰، جایزه بین‌المللی شاه فیصل[4] در حوزه مطالعات و اقتصاد اسلامی را دریافت نمود. همچنین در سال ۱۹۹۵، رئیس جمهور پاکستان جایزه‌ای به خاطر تلاش‌های علمی وی در حوزه اقتصاد به وی اعطا نمود. از دیگر جوایز که به ایشان اعطا شده است به جایزه بانک توسعه اسلامی در سال ۱۹۸۹، جایزه علمی کامسک[5] و ۵۰ رهبر جهانی در حوزه اقتصاد اسلامی در سال ۲۰۱۵ می‌توان اشاره نمود.

دکتر چپرا عضو هیئت تحریریه و داور برخی مجلات تخصصی همچون The Economic Journal (the Royal Economic Society), The Pakistan Development Review, American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, Journal of Islamic Studies (Oxford University), Islamic Studies (Islamabad) Review of Islamic Economics, Journal of Islamic Economics, (King Abdul Aziz University), Islamic Economic Studies, Hamdard Islamicus, Journal of Objective Studies, The Kashmir Economic Review, Pakistan Journal of Applied Economics, The Journal of Development Studies, and the Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization (USA) می‌باشد.

برخی آثار علمی (کتاب‌ها و تک‌نگاشت‌ها)

1.Towards a Just Monetary System (Leicester, UK: the Islamic Foundation, 1985). 

2. The Economic System of Islam (published simultaneously by the Islamic Centre, London, and the University of Karachi - 1970). The Arabic translation of this monograph was published in three issues   (June, September and December 1978) of the quarterly Journal, Al-Muslim al-Mu’asir ( لمعاصر ( المسلم

3. Objectives of the Islamic Economic Order (Leicester, UK: the Islamic Foundation, 1979) - this paper represents the first two chapters of the book, Economic System of Islam (London: Islamic Council of Europe, 1975

4. The Islamic Welfare State and Its Role in the Economy (Leicester, U.K.: The Islamic Foundation, 1979). This paper was first presented at the Islamic Economics Conference held at Makkah in February 1976 under the auspices of the King Abdul Aziz University and published in Khurshid Ahmad and Zafar Ishaq Ansari, Islamic Perspectives (Leicester, U.K.: The Islamic Foundation, 1979).

5. Islam and the Economic Challenge (Leicester, UK: The Islamic Foundation; and   Washington, DC: IIIT, 1992)

6. Islam and Economic Development: a Strategy for Development with Stability in the light of Justice and Islamic teachings, (Washington, DC, and Islamabad, IIIT, 1994).  

7. What is Islamic Economics? (Jeddah, IRTI/IDB, No. 9 in the IDB Prize Winners’ Lecture Series, 1996).

8. The Future of Economics: An Islamic Perspective, (Leicester, UK: The Islamic Foundation, 2000).

9. With Tariqullah Khan, Regulation and Supervision of Islamic Banks, (Jeddah: IRTI/IDB, Occasional Paper No. 3,  2000).

10. Prohibition of Interest: Does it Make Sense? (Durban: Islamic Da‘wah Movement, August 2001). This booklet includes the three papers cited in items 14, 15 and 40 below.

11. With Habib Ahmed, Corporate Governance in Islamic Financial Institutions (Jeddah: IRTI/IDB, Occasional Paper No. 6, 2002).

12. Economic and Financial Reform: Fundamentals of a New Architecture (Durban: Islamic
 Dawah Movement, August 2004).

13. Muslim Civilization: Causes of Decline and the Need for Reform (Leicester, UK: The  Islamic Foundation, 2008).

 14. The Islamic Vision of Development in the Light of Maqasid al-Shari‘ah, (Jeddah: IRTI/IDB, 2008 and Washington: International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2008).

15. The Global Financial Crisis: Some Suggestions for Reform of the Global Financial Architecture in the Light of Islamic Finance (Kyoto, Japan: Research Center for Islamic Area Studies, Kyoto University, 2008).

مقالات علمی (در حوزه مالی اسلامی، بانکداری اسلامی و سیاست‌های پولی)

1. “Money and Banking in an Islamic Framework” – in M. Ariff, ed. (Jeddah: International Centre for Research in Islamic Economics, King Abdul Aziz University, 1982), pp. 145-186. The Arabic translation of this paper was published in the Journal of Research in Islamic Economics, Winter 1984.

2. “Monetary Policy in an Islamic Economy,” in Ziauddin Ahmad, et. al.(eds.), Money and Banking in Islam  (Islamabad: Institute of Policy Studies), 1983, pp. 27-68.

3. “Comments on the Council of Islamic Ideology Report on Elimination of Interest”  in ibid., pp. 212-223. 

4.  “The Nature of Riba in Islam” – Hamdard Islamicus, Spring 1984, pp. 3-24.

5. “The Prohibition of Riba in Islam: An Evaluation of Some Objections”, in the American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, August 1984, pp. 23-40.

6. “The Role of the Stock Exchange in an Islamic Economy”, comments on the paper of Dr. Mokhtar Metawally, Journal of Research in Islamic Economics, Summer 1985, pp. 75-81.

7. “Islamization of Banking in Pakistan: After the First Step – Forward or Backward? Impact International, 25 April – 8 May 1986, pp. 13-14.

8. “Towards a Just Monetary System”, an interview with the author about his book, published in Arabia, November 1985, pp. 65-6.

9. “Towards an Islamic Financial System” – a paper presented to the International Seminar on Islamic Economics held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 6-9 July 1987 – published in the Journal of Islamic Economics (Malaysia), July 1983, pp. 1-30, and also in the Mindanao Law Journal, March and October 1988, pp. 124-38 and 1-15 respectively.

10. “Promoting Private Investment in Muslim Countries”, a paper presented on behalf of SAMA at the third meeting of the Governors of Central Banks the meeting of the Monetary Authorities of Muslim Countries, 1-2 September 1980

11. “Speculation in the International Commodity and Stock Markets”, paper prepared  for the Hay’at Kubār al-‘Ulamā’ (Council of Senior ‘Ulamā’ of Saudi Arabia), upon their request made to SAMA, September 1982

12. “Some Pre-requisites for the Establishment of an Islamic Banking System,” published in Islamic Economic System and the Position of Income Tax in the Shari’ah: Collection of the Articles of Eminent Islamic ‘Ulama’ and Scholars (Karachi: Chamber of Commerce and Industry, n.d.), pp. 9-58.

13. “The Mechanics and Operations of an Islamic Financial Market,” comments on Dr. Hashim al-Sabbagh’s paper at the Seminar on Developing a System of Islamic Financial Instruments in Kuala Lumpur, 28 April – 5 May 1986 – published in the Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance (Karachi), 5:3, 1988, pp. 31-6.

14.“A Matter of Interest: The Rationale of Islamic Anti-Interest Stance”, Ahlan wa Sahlan, October 1992, pp.38-41. The Arabic translation of this paper was published under the title لماذا حّرم الله  الربـا؟"  “ on pp.99-101 of the March 1993 issue. A revised and updated version of this paper was published again under the title, “Prohibition of Interest: Does it Make Sense?” in Ahlan wa Sahlan, February, 2001, (pp.30-34 (English) and pp. 40-42 (Arabic).

15. “Banks without Interest: Is it Conceivable?” – a paper prepared for the Ministry of Finance and National Economy, Saudi Arabia, 23 July 1986. The revised and expanded version of this paper was published in Ahlan wa Sahlan, August 1993, pp. 11-14 (English), and September 1993; pp. 40-43 (Arabic). A revised and updated version of this paper was published again in both English and Arabic in Ahlan wa Sahlan in March 2001, pp.12-15 (English), pp.32-34 (Arabic).

16. “Liability of the Sahib al-Mal in Mudarabah Agreements”, detailed answer given to a question posed by the Federal Shari‘ah Court, Islamabad, August 1987.

17. “The Abolition of Interest in Islam and the Realization of Socio-Economic Goals,” – a lecture given at the Harvard Law School in response to their invitation (one hour lecture followed by a discussion of about an hour and a half), Wednesday, 22 March, 1989.

18. “Indexation: Theory, Experience and Issues from the Islamic Perspective” – comments on the paper of Dr. M. A. Mannan presented at the IRTI Workshop on “The Sharī‘ah and Indexation” held in Jeddah from 25-29 April 1987.

19. “The Islamic Financial System: Its Goals and Rationale,” Al-Khairia (magazine of the King Faysal Foundation), June 1990, pp. 5 and 8.

20. “Reply to Dr. Ma‘rūf Dawālībīs Arguments in Favour of Interest: Modern interest is More Exploitative than Ancient Interest, published in Majallah al-Nur, Dhu al-Qi‘dah 1410, pp. 18-23.

21. “The Relationship between the Central Bank and the Islamic Banks in an  Islamic Financial System”, a paper presented to the Discussion Forum organized by the Higher Advisory Council for the Implementation of the Shari’ah in Kuwait, 6-8 February 1993 (15-17 Shaban 1413).

22. “Goals and Instruments of the Central Bank in the Islamization of the Financial System”, paper No. 1 submitted to the Higher Advisory Council for the Implementation of the Islamic Shari’ah in Kuwait, 30 June 1993 (10 Muharram 1414). 

23. Paper No. 2 submitted to the Higher Advisory Council for the Implementation of the Islamic Shari’ah in Kuwait, 30 June 1993, (10 Muharram 1414).

24. Amendments proposed by Dr. M. Umer Chapra  (Paper No. 3) to Law No. 32 of 1968 (as revised by Law 130 of 1977) related to the Central Bank of Kuwait and the Banking Profession with the Objective of Islamizing the Financial System.

25. “The Role of Islamic Banks in Non-Muslim Countries”, Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, July 1992, pp. 295-97

26. “Monetary Management in an Islamic Economy, Islamic Economic Studies (IRTI, Jeddah), December, 1996, pp. 1-34.

27. “Islam and the International Debt Problem”, lecture given at the King Faysal Foundation on 10 June 1991 under the auspices of the King Faysal Centre for Research and Islamic Studies, published in the Journal of Islamic Studies (Oxford University), July 1992, pp.214-32.

28. “The Credit Card: Some Relevant Facts to Help Determine its Shar‘ī Position – a paper presented on 20 Dhu al-Qa’dah 1417 (27 April, 1997) to Hay’at Kubār al-‘Ulamā’ (the Council of Senior ‘Ulamā’ of Saudi Arabia) to guide them in their discussions on the subject.

29. “Islamic Banking: The Dream and the Reality”, a paper presented to the International Conference on Islamic Banking and Finance held in Casablanca, Morocco, on 5-8 May 1998; under the auspices of IRTI/IDB and ASMFCI; and also the Shari‘ah Appellate Bench of the Supreme Court of Pakistan in Karachi during the author’s testimony before the Bench on 17-19 March 1999.  This paper has been published in the December 1999 (pp.69-87) issue of  Hamdard Islamicus. The Arabic translation of the paper has also been published by IRTI/IDB in the proceedings of the Seminar.

30. “Why has Islam Prohibited Interest?: Rationale behind the Prohibition of Interest in Islam” – a paper prepared in April 1999 at the request of the Sharī’ah Appellate Bench of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. This is a significantly updated and enlarged version of (14). The paper was published in the Review of Islamic Economics, 9/2000, pp.5-20.

31. “Major Modes of Islamic Finance” – a paper prepared for presentation at the 6^th Intensive Orientation Course on “Islamic Economics, Banking and Finance”, held at the Islamic Foundation, Leicester, U.K. on 17-21 September 1998; and also submitted to the Appellate Bench of the Supreme Court of Pakistan during the author’s testimony before the Bench on 17-19 March 1999. 

32. Alternative Visions of International Monetary Reform, a paper presented to the Fourth International Islamic Economics Conference held at the Loughborough University on 13-15 August 2000. It was published in the Proceedings of the Conference edited by Munawar Iqbal and  David Llewellyn,   Islamic Banking and Finance: New Perspectives on Profit-Sharing and Risk (Chettenhem, UK: Edward Elgar, 2002), pp.219-240.

33. Introduction to the Book, La Banca Islamica Sin Intereses: Elementos Basicos by Alejandro V. Lorca Corrons and Olivia Orozco De La Torre (Madrid: Agencia Espanola De Cooperacion Internacional, 1999).

34. “Strengthening Islamic Banks”, a paper prepared for presentation at the Seminar held in Khartoum on 24-26 April 2001).

35.    “Introduction” to the Arabic book entitled Money and Banking and Financial Markets: a Comprehensive View (2001) by Professors Yusuf al-Zamil, Ahmad Balkhair,and ‘Abd al-Aziz al-Sudani

36. “Insurance and Islam”, – a paper prepared for a Training Programme on Islamic Finance to be held in Durban, South Africa, on 17-19 August 2001 under the auspices of the Islamic Da’wah Movement and the IDB.

37. “Has Islam Really Prohibited Interest?” A paper published in Ahlan wa Sahlan (Arabic: December 2001; and English: February 2002).

38. Islamic Banking: An Alternative Model for Financial Intermediation” (A paper presented at a Seminar held in Rome on 19 December 2002).

39.“The Case Against Interest: Is it Compelling”, a paper written for presentation at the International Conference on Islamic Banking and Finance to be held in Brunei on 5-7 January 2004.

40. “Financial Stability: The Role of Paradigm and Support Institutions”, a paper presented at the International Conference on Islamic Banking in Jakarta (Indonesia) on 30 September – 2 October 2003 under the auspices of the Central Bank of Indonesia and the IDB.

41. “Islamic Financial System” The Muslim Almanac.

42. “Challenges Facing the Islamic Financial Industry”, Handbook of Islamic Economics and Finance, ed., Profs. Kabir Hasan and Merwyn Lewis (Cheltenham, UK, and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar, 2007), 325-357.

43. “International Financial Stability: The Role of Islamic Finance”, Policy Perspectives (Journal of the Institute of Policy Studies, Islamabad, Vol. 4, July-December, 2007, No. 2, pp. 91-113.

44. “Some Issues about Leasing”

45. “Concept Paper on setting up a Shari‘ah Board to Standardize the Islamic Modes of Finance presented to IFSB Board of Governor on behalf of the IDB.

46. Innovation and Authenticity in Islamic Finance, Keynote address presented at the inaugural session of the Eighth Harvard University Forum on Islamic Finance held on 19-20 April 2008 in the Harvard Law School

اطلاعات تماس

آدرس:

P. O. Box  9201, Jeddah 21413, Saudi Arabia

تلفن:  +966 6466139/Res: 6941946

ایمیل:  muchapra@isdb.org

وبسایت:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umer_Chapra